For many years, economists may depend on a comforting graph about happiness over a lifetime: It adopted a U-shape, like a smile. Younger individuals had been carefree and completely happy. Center age was tough however pleasure returned once more in outdated age. This wasn’t a flimsy discovering. Greater than 600 tutorial papers, printed from 1980 to 2020, documented this up-down-up development in human psychology throughout 145 nations.
Basic instance of a happiness U-curve from the U.Okay.
Then, in the course of the pandemic, many individuals seen that the younger weren’t so completely happy anymore. There was a surge of youth psychological sickness, particularly nervousness and despair. The U-shaped smile was quick disappearing globally and shifting right into a sneer.
David Blanchflower, a outstanding British-American labor economist at Dartmouth Faculty, has been finding out this decline in youth well-being and making an attempt to grasp it. Primarily based on giant surveys of psychological well being, he dates the beginning of the deterioration within the U.S. and the U.Okay. to round 2013, seven years earlier than the Covid pandemic and the isolation of lockdowns.
“That’s when smartphones got here alongside,” mentioned Blanchflower.
Social media would appear a logical perpetrator for the rise in distress. Smartphones had simply develop into ubiquitous round that point, and critics like social psychologist Jonathan Haidt have argued that they’ve been rewiring adolescent brains for the more severe.
However when Blanchflower dug into the info, the smartphone story supplied solely a partial rationalization. If social media had been the principle driver, you’d count on distress to rise amongst all younger individuals at roughly the identical charge. And whereas it’s true that ill-being elevated amongst all younger adults, Blanchflower found that the decline in well-being was concentrated amongst these younger adults who had been working, particularly females beneath 25. Faculty college students and others not working nonetheless confirmed one thing near the outdated happiness curve, even when the left nook wasn’t fairly as upturned.
That raises a puzzling query: Why are younger employees so sad?
They’re not having bother getting a job. Employment charges for 16- to 24-year-olds have risen since 2010. Their hours have elevated. Their relative wages have additionally risen. Blanchflower analyzed a long time of U.S. survey information on psychological well being and linked it to employment outcomes. His evaluation appeared in a working paper, not but printed in a peer-reviewed journal, however circulated by the Nationwide Bureau of Financial Analysis in January 2026.
This information exhibits that the rise in ill-being and fall in well-being are particularly giant for the youngest employees aged 18-22 during the last decade. And it confirms that non-workers this age, specifically school college students, aren’t as depressing. They’re nonetheless comparatively completely happy. This diverging sample was true for the U.S. as an entire and in all 50 states between 2020 and 2025. What’s notably new, in response to Blanchflower, is the sharp improve in despair and distress amongst younger employees. He created this chart for me.
Despair can be sharply stratified by schooling: Highschool dropouts fare far worse than school graduates, even these of the identical age.
However again to why. Blanchflower notes that job satisfaction among the many younger has fallen. A Convention Board survey exhibits a persistent hole between youthful and older employees. In 2025, job satisfaction was 72 p.c amongst employees aged 55 and over and simply 57 p.c amongst these aged 18 to 24. Throughout a number of dimensions, younger employees charge their jobs as decrease high quality than older employees do, and report higher problem with job stability and making ends meet.
One interpretation is that younger individuals more and more have what anthropologist David Graeber memorably referred to as “bullshit jobs” — work that feels pointless, insecure and disconnected from any sense of function. There’s no direct proof of that, however different researchers have argued that younger employees have borne the brunt of gig work, declining bargaining energy, and vanishing profession ladders. Fears of being changed by AI are additionally strongest among the many younger.
Earlier generations additionally usually landed boring first jobs and frightened about monetary safety. However expectations for work could have modified for members of Gen Z. Since round 2012, the share of younger individuals who say they count on their chosen work to be “extraordinarily satisfying” has fallen from about 40 p.c to nearer to twenty p.c. If work is now not anticipated to ship that means or id, its psychological payoff could also be decrease.
One other concept is that the psychological well being of immediately’s younger employees started deteriorating after they had been nonetheless in highschool. That injury carried into maturity, making the transition from faculty to work more durable — particularly for these with out school credentials.
“The youngest employees, particularly these with none school, are hardest hit, and we don’t know why,” Blanchflower concludes in his paper.
Blanchflower’s research is a warning that one thing elementary has gone mistaken as younger individuals enter the workforce. Policymakers have to preserve this in thoughts as they create extra pathways to good jobs that don’t require school.
This story about younger grownup distress was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, impartial information group targeted on inequality and innovation in schooling. Join Proof Factors and different Hechinger newsletters.
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